Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the population distribution and virus-carrying status of host animals in Fujian province, China, from 2016 to 2018, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating feasible prevention and control measures for HFRS. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to perform a statistical analysis of HFRS case data and host monitoring data in Fujian which were reported in Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System in 2016-2018. The ratio was compared by χ ² test. Results A total of 1 184 HFRS cases were reported in Fujian from 2016 to 2018, with a mean annual incidence rate of 1.02/100 000, and there were 2 deaths, resulting in a mortality rate of 0.17%. Most cases were observed in Nanping, Quanzhou, and Sanming cities. The cases were reported all year round, with the peaks in March to May and November to February, and the peak in spring was higher than that in winter. The high-risk population was young men, and the highest incidence rate was observed in men aged 65-70 years and women aged 60-65 years. A total of 12 854 effective cages were set in the surveillance sites of Fujian and 845 rodents were captured, with a mean density of rodents of 6.57%. A total of 845 lung samples were collected, among which 48 were positive, and the 3-year mean virus-carrying rat index was 0.06. Conclusion The incidence rate of HFRS in Fujian province tends to first decrease and then increase from 2016 to 2018, with high rodent density and virus-carrying rate, and there is still a risk of HFRS outbreak. It is recommended to adopt comprehensive prevention and control measures of vaccination and deratization.

Objective To investigate the type and range of natural focus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Fujian province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods An investigation of host animals of HFRS was carried out in 15 surveillance sites between 2009 and 2017. Rodents were captured using cages at night, and the rodent density and constituent ratios were calculated. Immunofluorescent assay was used to detect and identify hantavirus (HV) antigen in rodent lungs. Results The mean rodent density was 7.05% in the 15 surveillance sites, and Rattus norvegicus, which carried Seoul HV, was the dominant species. The mean virus-carrying rate of rodents was 6.27%, and R. norvegicus accounted for 83.78%. The mean virus-carrying index of rodents was 0.07, and Longhai had the highest virus-carrying index of rodents 0.12. HV antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus in the cities or counties of Anxi, Shaxian, Longhai, Zhangpu, Dehua, Wuping, Yunxiao, and Qingliu, and from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in the counties of Hua'an, Jiangle, and Mingxi. Conclusion It is confirmed for the first time that there are natural foci of HFRS in the 11 surveillance sites. Rattus norvegicus carrying Seoul HV is the main host animal and source of infection with HFRS. The epidemic area of domestic rodent-type HFRS is spreading to the southern and western areas in Fujian province, and widely distributed.

Objective To investigate the epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Fujian province, China and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods The data on the epidemic of HFRS in 2013-2015 in Fujian province were subjected to statistical analysis. Rodents were captured using cages at night, and the population density and community structure of captured rodents was determined. Hantavirus(HV) antigen was detected and identified from rodent lungs by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results A total of 1 309 cases of HFRS were reported in Fujian in 2013-2015, with an incidence of 1.16/100 000. The cases were widely distributed, county-level cities, or districts. The cases of HFRS were the highest in Shaowu, Jinjiang and Shishi city. The surveillance of rodents showed that the mean population density of rodents was 6.83% indoors, and Rattus norvegicus, which carried Soul virus, was the predominant species. In the mixed epidemic area,the mean population density of rodents was 5.60% in the field, and Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species. HV antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in Yunxiao, Qingliu, and Mingxi counties. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus is still the main host animal of HFRS in Fujian. The incidence of HFRS was at the highest level in 2013-2015 in Fujian, especially in Shaowu city, Songxi, Zhenghe, and Zhouning counties. Rodent control should be well performed, and HFRS bivalent vaccine should be widely used among the high-risk populations, so as to reduce the incidence and prevent the outbreak of HFRS.

Objective To investigate Leptospira serovars in Fujian province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of leptospirosis. Methods Five investigation sites were established according to the epidemic situation of this disease. In order to determine the main serovars of Leptospira carried by humans and host animals, Leptospira was cultured with blood, kidney, or urine collected from rats, pigs, and frogs. The level of anti-Leptospira antibody was determined in human and rat sera. Serovars and infection status of Leptospira were analyzed based on these studies. Results The investigation of hosts showed that the population density of rodents was 5.83% in the open air of the main epidemic area. Main species were Rattus tanezumi, R. losea, and Niviventer fulvescens, which accounted for 29.87%, 28.19%, and 17.11%, respectively. Leptospira was first isolated from N. coxingi in Changtai county. The positive rate of serum antibody in rats was 11.04%. Autumnalis, Australis, and Grippotyphosa were three of the dominant serotypes in rats. The detection rate of serum antibody in humans was 8.25%. Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Hebdomadis, and Australis were dominant serotypes in humans. Conclusion The serovars of Leptospira carried by rats and humans are complex in Fujian, which means leptospirosis surveillance should be well performed.

Objective To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and associated reservoir hosts in Fujian province, China and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods The data on the epidemic situation of HFRS in Fujian province were subjected to statistical analysis. Rodents were captured using cages at night, and the population density and species composition of captured rodents were determined. Hantavirus antigen was detected and identified from rodent lungs by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results A total of 373 cases of HFRS were reported in Fujian in 2012, with an incidence of 1.0027/100 000. The cases distributed in 61 counties, county?level cities, or districts, particularly in cities of Nanping, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningde. The incidence of HFRS was the highest in counties of Songxi, Zhouning, Shaowu, and Zhenghe. The surveillance of rodent populations showed that the mean trap catch rate was 5.32% indoors. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), the reservoir of Soul virus, was the predominant species. In the mixed epidemic area, the mean trap catch rate of rodents was 3.62% in the field, and R. fulvescens was the predominant species. HFRS virus antigen was detected for the first time from R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in county of Jiangle and R. norvegicus in county of Wuping. Conclusion R. norvegicus is still the main reservoir host of HFRS in Fujian. In 2012, the incidence of HFRS in Fujian increased significantly, especially in counties of Songxi county and Zhouning. Integrated rodent management should be implemented, and HFRS bivalent vaccine should be widely administered among the high risk populations, so as to reduce the incidence and prevent the outbreak of HFRS.

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Fujian province, China and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of this disease. Methods The data on the epidemic situation of HFRS in Fujian province were subjected to statistical analysis. Rodents were captured using cages at night. The density of captured rodents was calculated, and their species were identified. Hantavirus antigen was detected and identified from rodent lungs by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results A total of 259 cases of HFRS were reported in Fujian in 2011, with an incidence of 0.70/105. The cases were distributed in 64 counties, county-level cities, or districts, particularly in Nanping, Ningde, Fuzhou, and Quanzhou. The incidence of HFRS was the highest in Songxi county and Zhouning county. The surveillance of rodents showed that the mean density of rodents was 8.22% indoors, and Rattus norvegicus, which carried Soul virus (typeⅡ), was the dominant species. In the mixed epidemic area, the mean density of rodents was 6.53% in the field, and R. fulvescens was the dominant species, followed by Apodemus agrarius, which carried Hantaan virus (type Ⅰ). HFRS virus antigen was first detected from R. norvegicus in Dehua county. Conclusion R. norvegicus is still the main host animal of HFRS in Fujian, and A. agrarius is the main host of HFRS in the field of mixed epidemic area in the northeastern area of Fujian. In 2011, the incidence of HFRS in Fujian increased significantly, especially in Songxi county and Zhouning county. Rodent control should be well performed, and HFRS bivalent vaccine should be widely used among the high-risk population, so as to reduce the incidence and prevent the outbreak of HFRS.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the virus-carrying rate of host animals (rodents) in Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for effective control of HFRS. Methods The data of the epidemic situation of HFRS in Tiantai were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Rodents were captured using traps and then investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence assay was adopted to identify specific IgG antibody. Direct immunofluorescence assay was used to identify hantavirus antigen in the mouse lung. Results A total of 452 cases of HFRS were reported from 2001 to 2011 in the whole county, with 3 deaths, an annual average incidence of 7.27/10 ⁵, and a mortality rate of 0.66%. Throughout the whole county, the incidence of HFRS was primarily distributed in the towns and villages in the plain region at both sides of Shifeng River. This disease occurred in each month throughout the year, with May to July and October to December as high-incidence periods, accounting for 31.19% and 34.29% of all cases. People aged between 26-64 years were most easily infected, accounting for 86.06% of all cases. As for occupation, peasants constituted the majority of all cases, accounting for 82.52%. The ratio of male cases to female cases was 2.90:1. The coincidence rate of clinical diagnosis in these cases was 82.83%; the recessive infection rate of healthy population was 1.27%. The serological positive rate of mice was 5.20%. Apodemus agrarius was the dominating species in the field mice, followed by Rattus losea. R. norvegicus was dominant species in the house mice. The virus carrying rate of the mouse lung was 10.62%. Conclusion HFRS cases occurred every year in Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, China, and the virus carrying rate of host animals was relatively high. Measures should be taken to enhance surveillance and control of HFRS.

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the pattern of epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Fujian and to provide scientific basis for its prevention and control.  Methods Rats were captured in springs and autumns by live snap method, and its density and specie composition were investigated. The virus antigen from rodent lungs was isolated and identified. Results The dominant species in residential areas was Rattus norvegicus in Rattus type areas and the mixed?type area, which density were 4.91% and 5.73% at home respectively. While in the field, it was Apodemus agrarius with the average density of 12.95%, which was obviously higher in autumn and winter than that in spring. R.norvegicus mainly carried with Type Ⅱ virus, and Ap.agrarius with Type Ⅰvirus. A44 and R50 virus strain were isolated from them, respectively. Conclusion R.norvegicus was still the main host of HFRS in Fujian. Ap.agrarius was the main host in the field in the diversity epidemic area. It should strengthen the surveillance and the control of HFRS in main epidemic areas.